Which type of irrigation system distributes water directly over the top of the plant?

The type of irrigation system that distributes water directly over the top of the plant is known as overhead irrigation. This method typically involves the use of sprinklers positioned above the crops, which mimic natural rainfall by spraying water uniformly over the plant foliage and soil. Overhead irrigation is beneficial as it can cover large areas and is suitable for a variety of crops. It helps in managing water application rates effectively and can also assist in cooling plants during hot weather.

In contrast, other irrigation types, such as subsurface irrigation, deliver water below the surface, directly to the root zone, while drip irrigation employs a system of tubes and emitters to provide water precisely at the base of each plant, minimizing evaporation. Flood irrigation involves saturating the entire field with water, which is less controlled and can lead to uneven water distribution. Thus, overhead irrigation stands out for its capability to directly apply water over the top of plants.